Carla Shoff, Ph.D. is a demographer and rural sociologist working as a social science research analyst at the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. A common denominator across her research is its focus on geographical disparities in population health, health-related behaviors, and access to health care. Carla is particularly interested in determining whether the characteristics of places affect the health of individuals differently across rural and urban areas in the United States. She has applied a variety of methodological techniques to answer these research questions including spatial econometrics, geographically weighted regression, spatial regime analysis, and multilevel modeling. Her current research focuses on opioid use disorder among older Medicare beneficiaries.